Abbreviations & Essential References for Real-World or Ethnographic Research on Polypharmacy
Abbreviations
Bi-annual form - 6-month standard medication renewal form
CBD - Care by Design
CCA - continuing care assistant
CGA - comprehensive geriatric assessment form
HCP - health care professional
LPN - licensed practical nurse
LTC-CGA - comprehensive geriatric assessment form
LTCF - long term care facility
MAR - Medication Administration Record
Med Pass - administering medications using medication cart
MOHLTC - Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
NP - Nurse practitioner
PBS - Practice Based Studies (practice theory)
PRN - medications as needed
P&T Committee - Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Committee
RN - registered nurse
Starting Reference List
“Canadian Deprescribing Network. https://www.deprescribingnetwork.ca.” Retrieved January 3, 2021
Abbott, Andrew. 2004. Methods of Discovery: Heuristics for the social sciences. New York & London: W. W. Norton Company.
Ailabouni, Nagham J, Prasad S Nishtala, Dee Mangin, and June M Tordoff. 2016. “Challenges and Enablers of Deprescribing: A General Practitioner Perspective.” PLOS ONE. 11 (4):e0151066.
Allen, Davina. 2015. The Invisible Work of Nurses: Hospitals, organisation and healthcare: Routledge.
———. 2017. “From polyformacy to formacology.” BMJ Quality Safety. 26 (9):695-697.
Anderson, Kristen, Danielle Stowasser, Christopher Freeman, and Ian Scott. 2014. “Prescriber barriers and enablers to minimising potentially inappropriate medications in adults: a systematic review and thematic synthesis.” BMJ Open. 4 (12):e006544.
Andrew, MK, CA Purcell, EG Marshall, N Varatharasan, B Clarke, and SK Bowles. 2018. “Polypharmacy and use of potentially inappropriate medications in long-term care facilities: does coordinated primary care make a difference.” Int J Pharm Pract. 26 (4):318-324.
Armstrong, Pat and Olga Kits. 2003. “Caregiving in historical perspective.” Pp. 23-63, The Commodity of Care: Home Care Reform in OntarioOttawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
———. 2004. “One hundred years of caregiving.” Pp. 45-73, Caring for/caring about: Women, home care and unpaid caregivingAurora, Ontario: Garamond Press.
Atkins, L, J Francis, R Islam, D O’Connor, A Patey, N Ivers, R Foy, EM Duncan, H Colquhoun, JM Grimshaw, R Lawton, and S Michie. 2017. “A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems.” Implement Sci. 12 (1):77.
Banerjee, Ashis, David Mbamalu, Sayed Ebrahimi, Arshad Ali Khan, and Toong Foo Chan. 2011. “The prevalence of polypharmacy in elderly attenders to an emergency department - a problem with a need for an effective solution.” Int J Emerg Med. 4 (1):22.
Barad, Karen. 2003. “Posthumanist performativity: Toward an understanding of how matter comes to matter.” Signs: Journal of women in culture and society. 28 (3):801-831.
———. 2007. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Duke University Press.
Barnett, Nina and Doron Garfinkel. 2018. “Deprescribing one year on: challenging the first iatrogenic epidemic.” Eur J Hosp Pharm. 25 (2):63-64.
Becker, Howard Saul. 1998. Tricks of the trade : how to think about your research while you’re doing it. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
Boissel, JP, E Amsallem, M Cucherat, and P Nony. 2004. “Bridging the gap between therapeutic research results and physician prescribing decisions: knowledge transfer, a prerequisite to knowledge translation.” European journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 60:609-616.
Brinkmann, Svend. 2013. Qualitative interviewing: Oxford University Press.
Bronskill, Susan E, Sudeep S Gill, J Michael Paterson, Chaim M Bell, Geoffrey M Anderson, and Paula A Rochon. 2012. “Exploring variation in rates of polypharmacy across long term care homes.” J Am Med Dir Assoc. 13 (3):309.e15-21.
Bruni, Attila, Silvia Gherardi, and Laura Lucia Parolin. 2007. “Knowing in a System of Fragmented Knowledge.” Mind, Culture, and Activity. 14 (1-2):83-102.
Cadogan, Cathal A, Cristín Ryan, Jill J Francis, Gerard J Gormley, Peter Passmore, Ngaire Kerse, and Carmel M Hughes. 2015. “Improving appropriate polypharmacy for older people in primary care: selecting components of an evidence-based intervention to target prescribing and dispensing.” Implement Sci. 10:161.
Cameron, Paula, Anna MacLeod, Jonathan Tummons, Olga Kits, and Rola Ajjawi. 2019. “Unpacking practice: The challenges and possibilities afforded by sociomaterial ethnography.” Pp. 187-205 in Practice methodologies in education research: Routledge.
Campbell, Marie L and Janet M Rankin. 2017. “Nurses and electronic health records in a Canadian hospital: examining the social organisation and programmed use of digitised nursing knowledge.” Sociol Health Illn. 39 (3):365-379.
Caputo, Virginia. 2003. “At ‘home’and ‘away’: Reconfiguring the field for late twentieth-century anthropology.” Pp. 27-39 in Constructing the Field: Ethnographic Fieldwork in the Contemporary World, edited by Vered Amit.: Routledge.
Casarett, David. 2016. “The Science of Choosing Wisely - Overcoming the Therapeutic Illusion.” N Engl J Med. 374 (13):1203-1205.
Chen, Yen-Chia, Ju-Sing Fan, Min-Hui Chen, Teh-Fu Hsu, Hsien-Hao Huang, Kuo-Wei Cheng, David Hung-Tsang Yen, Chun-I Huang, Liang-Kung Chen, and Chen-Chang Yang. 2014. “Risk factors associated with adverse drug events among older adults in emergency department.” Eur J Intern Med. 25 (1):49-55.
Cherubini, Antonio, Andrea Corsonello, and Fabrizia Lattanzio. 2016. “Polypharmacy in Nursing Home Residents: What Is the Way Forward?” J Am Med Dir Assoc. 17 (1):4-6.
Chhabra, PT, GB Rattinger, SK Dutcher, ME Hare, KL Parsons, and IH Zuckerman. 2012. “Medication reconciliation during the transition to and from long-term care settings: a systematic review.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 8 (1):60-75.
Clifford, James and George E Marcus. 1986. Writing culture: The poetics and politics of ethnography: Univ of California Press.
Collins, Harry and Robert Evans. 2008. Rethinking Expertise: University of Chicago Press.
Conklin, J, B Farrell, and S Suleman. 2019. “Implementing deprescribing guidelines into frontline practice: Barriers and facilitators.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 15 (6):796-800.
Cook, Scott D. N. and John Seely Brown. 1999. “Bridging Epistemologies: The Generative Dance between Organizational Knowledge and Organizational Knowing.” Organization Science. 10 (4):381-400.
Curry, Paul. 2015. Broken Homes. Dartmouth, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Nurses’ Union.
Czarniawska, Barbara. 2007. Shadowing and other techniques for doing fieldwork in modern societies. Malmö, Sweden: Liber; Herndon, VA : Copenhagen Business School Press; Oslo : Universitetsforlaget.
Dearing, ME, S Bowles, J Isenor, O Kits, L Kouladjian O’Donnell, H Neville, S Hilmer, K Toombs, C Sirois, M Hajizadeh, A Negus, K Rockwood, and E Reeve. 2020. “Pharmacist-led intervention to improve medication use in older inpatients using the Drug Burden Index: a study protocol for a before/after intervention with a retrospective control group and multiple case analysis.” BMJ Open. 10 (2):e035656.
Desmond, Matthew. 2014. “Relational ethnography.” Theory and Society. 43 (5):547-579.
Didion, Joan. 2013. Slouching Towards Bethlehem: Zola Books.
Dixon-Woods, M. 2003. “What can ethnography do for quality and safety in health care?” Quality and Safety in Health Care. 12 (5):326-327.
Dolovich, L, G Consiglio, L MacKeigan, L Abrahamyan, P Pechlivanoglou, VE Rac, N Pojskic, EA Bojarski, J Su, M Krahn, and SM Cadarette. 2016. “Uptake of the MedsCheck annual medication review service in Ontario community pharmacies between 2007 and 2013.” Can Pharm J (Ott). 149 (5):293-302.
Duerden, Martin, Tony Avery, and Rupert Payne. 2013. “Polypharmacy and medicines optimisation.” Making it safe and sound. London: The King’s Fund.
Dumit, Joseph. 2012. Drugs for life : how pharmaceutical companies define our health. Durham: Duke University Press.
Eakin, J M and E Mykhalovskiy. 2005. “Teaching against the grain: A workshop on teaching qualitative research in the health sciences. Conference report: A national workshop on teaching qualitative research in the health sciences.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research. 6 (2):2-05.
Eckenwiler, Lisa A. 2012. Long-term care, globalization, and justice: JHU Press.
Emerson, Robert M, Rachel I Fretz, and Linda L Shaw. 2011. Writing ethnographic fieldnotes. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Estabrooks, Carole A, Sharon E Straus, Colleen M Flood, Janice Keefe, Pat Armstrong, Gail J Donner, Véronique Boscart, Francine Ducharme, James L Silvius, and Michael C Wolfson. 2020. Restoring trust: COVID-19 and the future of long-term care in Canada. Royal Society of Canada. Canadian Science Publishing 1840 Woodward Drive, Suite 1, Ottawa, ON K2C 0P7.
Farrell, B, J Conklin, L Dolovich, H Irving, M Maclure, L McCarthy, F Moriarty, K Pottie, L Raman-Wilms, E Reeve, and W Thompson. 2019. “Deprescribing guidelines: An international symposium on development, implementation, research and health professional education.” Res Social Adm Pharm.15 (6):780-789.
Farrell, B, K Pottie, CH Rojas-Fernandez, LM Bjerre, W Thompson, and V Welch. 2016. “Methodology for Developing Deprescribing Guidelines: Using Evidence and GRADE to Guide Recommendations for Deprescribing.” PLoS One. 11 (8):e0161248.
Fenwick, T and R Edwards. 2010. Actor-network theory in education: Routledge.
Fenwick, T J, R Edwards, P Sawchuk, and P H Sawchuk. 2011. Emerging approaches to educational research: Tracing the sociomaterial: Routledge London.
Fenwick, Tara, and Graham R. Nimmo. 2015. “Making visible what matters: Sociomaterial approaches for research and practice in healthcare education.” Pp. 67-80 in Researching medical education, edited by Jennifer Cleland and Steven J. Durning.: Wiley Blackwell.
Fick, Donna M, James W Cooper, William E Wade, Jennifer L Waller, J Ross Maclean, and Mark H Beers. 2003. “Updating the Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: results of a US consensus panel of experts.” Arch Intern Med. 163 (22):2716-2724.
Fine, Gary Alan and David Shulman. 2009. “Lies from the field: Ethical issues in organizational ethnography.” Organizational ethnography: Studying the complexities of everyday life. 177-195.
Frank, Christopher. 2014. “Deprescribing: a new word to guide medication review.” CMAJ. 186 (6):407-408.
Fudge, N and D Swinglehurst. 2021. “‘It’s all about patient safety’: an ethnographic study of how pharmacy staff construct medicines safety in the context of polypharmacy.” BMJ Open. 11 (2):e042504.
Gabbay, John and Andrée le May. 2004. “Evidence based guidelines or collectively constructed mindlines? Ethnographic study of knowledge management in primary care.” Bmj. 329 (7473):1013.
Garfinkel, Doron, Birkan Ilhan, and Gulistan Bahat. 2015. “Routine deprescribing of chronic medications to combat polypharmacy.” Therapeutic advances in drug safety. 6 (6):1-22.
Garfinkel, Doron, Sarah Zur-Gil, and Joshua Ben-Israel. 2007. “The war against polypharmacy: a new cost-effective geriatric-palliative approach for improving drug therapy in disabled elderly people.” Isr Med Assoc J. 9 (6):430-434.
Gherardi, Silivia. 2009. “Introduction: The Critical Power of the `Practice Lens’.” Management Learning. 40 (2):115-128.
Gherardi, Silvia. 2010. “Telemedicine: A practice-based approach to technology.” Human Relations. 63 (4):501-524.
———. 2012a. “Why Do Practices Change and Why Do They Persist? Models of Explanations.” Pp. 217-231 in Practice, Learning and Change: Practice-Theory Perspectives on Professional Learning,Professional and Practice-based Learning 8, edited by P. Hager et al. (eds.).: Springer.
———. 2012b. How to Conduct a Practice-based Study: Edward Elgar Publishing.
———. 2016. “To start practice theorizing anew: The contribution of the concepts of agencement and formativeness.” Organization. 23 (5):680-698.
———. 2019. How to Conduct a Practice-based Study: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gherardi, Silvia and Paolo Landri. 2014. ““I sign, therefore I am” (Un)stable traces of professional practices.” Professions and Professionalism. 4 (2).
Gherardi, Silvia and Gulia Rodeschini. 2015. “Caring as a collective knowledgeable doing: About concern and being concerned.” Management Learning. 47 (3):266-284.
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Univ of California Press.
Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual. New York: Pantheon Books.
Grant, Aileen, Frank Sullivan, and Jon Dowell. 2013. “An ethnographic exploration of influences on prescribing in general practice: why is there variation in prescribing practices?” Implementation science : IS. 8 (1):1-1.
Green, Bill and Nick Hopwood. 2014. The Body in Professional Practice, Learning and Education: Springer.
Greenhalgh, Trisha. 2008. “Role of routines in collaborative work in healthcare organisations.” BMJ.337:1269-1271.
Greenhalgh, Trisha and Deborah Swinglehurst. 2011. “Studying technology use as social practice: the untapped potential of ethnography.” BMC Medicine. 9 (1).
Hajjar, Emily R, Angela C Cafiero, and Joseph T Hanlon. 2007. “Polypharmacy in elderly patients.” The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy. 5 (4):345-351.
Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography: Principles in practice: Routledge.
Ontario, Health Quality. 2015. Looking for Balance: Antipsychotic medication use in Ontario long-term care homes. Toronto, Ontario: Queen’s Printer for Ontario.
Hoben, Matthias, Stephanie A Chamberlain, Jennifer A Knopp-Sihota, Jeffrey W Poss, Genevieve N Thompson, and Carole A Estabrooks. 2016. “Impact of Symptoms and Care Practices on Nursing Home Residents at the End of Life: A Rating by Front-line Care Providers.” J Am Med Dir Assoc. 17 (2):155-161.
Hughes, CM, CA Cadogan, D Patton, and CA Ryan. 2016. “Pharmaceutical strategies towards optimising polypharmacy in older people.” Int J Pharm. 512 (2):360-365.
Isenor, Jennifer, Natalie Kennie-Kaulbach, Sarah Kehoe, Isaac Bai, Emily Reeve, Anne Marie Whelan, Sarah Burgess, Olga Kits, Frederick Burge, and Ruth Martin-Misener. 2020. “Key Priorities to Implement Deprescribing in Primary Health Care in Nova Scotia: Results from the Deprescribing in Primary Health Care in Nova Scotia Knowledge Exchange Event (June 20, 2019) https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/77949/KEE Report Final March 3, 2020 for DalSpace.pdf?sequence=3.”.
Jokanovic, N, EC Tan, MJ Dooley, CM Kirkpatrick, RA Elliott, and JS Bell. 2016. “Why is polypharmacy increasing in aged care facilities? The views of Australian health care professionals.” J Eval Clin Pract. 22 (5):677-682.
Jokanovic, N, KN Wang, MJ Dooley, S Lalic, EC Tan, CM Kirkpatrick, and JS Bell. 2017. “Prioritizing interventions to manage polypharmacy in Australian aged care facilities.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 13 (3):564-574.
Keefe, Janice, Greg Archibald, and Cheryl Smith. 2018. Minister’s Expert Advisory Panel on Long Term Care - Recommendations. Halifax, NS: Nova Scotia Department of Health and Wellness.
Kemmis, Stephen. 2009. “Understanding professional practice: A synoptic framework.” Pp. 19-38 in Understanding and researching professional practice, edited by Bill Green.: Brill Sense.
Kennie-Kaulbach, Natalie, Rachel Cormier, Olga Kits, Emily Reeve, Anne Marie Whelan, Ruth Martin-Misener, Fred Burge, Sarah Burgess, and Jennifer E. Isenor. 2020. “Influencers on deprescribing practice of primary healthcare providers in Nova Scotia: An examination using behavior change frameworks.” Medicine Access @ Point of Care. 4:1-12.
Kennie-Kaulbach, Natalie, Sarah Kehoe, Anne Marie Whelan, Emily Reeve, Isaac Bai, Sarah Burgess, Olga Kits, and Jennifer E Isenor. 2021. “Use of a knowledge exchange event strategy to identify key priorities for implementing deprescribing in primary healthcare in Nova Scotia, Canada.” Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice. 1-12.
Kirkland, Susan A, Parminder S Raina, Christina Wolfson, Geoff Strople, Olga Kits, Steven Dukeshire, Camille L Angus, Karen Szala-Meneok, Jennifer Uniat, Homa Keshavarz, Linda Furlini, and Amélie Pelletier. 2009. “Exploring the acceptability and feasibility of conducting a large longitudinal population-based study in Canada.” Can J Aging. 28 (3):231-242.
Kohn, Linda T, Janet M Corrigan, and Molla S Donaldson. 2000. To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Vol. 627. Washington D.C.: National Academies Press.
Kvale, Steinar and Svend Brinkmann. 2009. Interviews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing: Sage.
Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: Oxford University Press.
Law, John and Annemarie Mol. 1995. “Notes on materiality and sociality.” The Sociological Review. 43 (2):274-294.
Leslie, Myles, Elise Paradis, Michael A Gropper, Scott Reeves, and Simon Kitto. 2014. “Applying ethnography to the study of context in healthcare quality and safety.” BMJ Qual Saf. 23 (2):99-105.
Lynch, Julianne, Julie Rowlands, Trevor Gale, and Andrew Skourdoumbis. 2017. “Introduction: Diffractive readings in practice theory.” in Practice Theory and Education, edited by Julianne Lynch, Julie Rowlands, Trevor Gale, and Andrew Skourdoumbis.: Routledge.
MacLeod, Anna, Paula Cameron, Rola Ajjawi, Olga Kits, and Jonathan Tummons. 2019a. “Actor-network theory and ethnography: Sociomaterial approaches to researching medical education.” Perspectives on Medical Education. 8 (3):177-186.
MacLeod, Anna, Paula Cameron, Olga Kits, and Jonathan Tummons. 2019b. “Technologies of exposure: videoconferenced distributed medical education as a Sociomaterial practice.” Academic Medicine. 94 (3):412-418.
MacLeod, Anna, Olga Kits, Karen Mann, Jonathan Tummons, and Keith W Wilson. 2017. “The invisible work of distributed medical education: exploring the contributions of audiovisual professionals, administrative professionals and faculty teachers.” Advances in Health Sciences Education. 22 (3):623-638.
MacLeod, Anna, Olga Kits, Emma Whelan, Cathy Fournier, Keith Wilson, Gregory Power, Karen Mann, Jonathan Tummons, and Peggy Alexiadis Brown. 2015. “Sociomateriality: a theoretical framework for studying distributed medical education.” Acad Med. 90 (11):1451-1456.
MacLeod, Anna, Victoria Luong, Paula Cameron, George Kovacs, Lucy Patrick, Jonathan Tummons, and Olga Kits. 2021. “When I Say… Human.” Medical Education.
Mair, Frances S and Carl R May. 2014. “Thinking about the burden of treatment.” BMJ. 349:g6680.
Manias, E, S Kusljic, and DL Lam. 2015. “Use of the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions (STOPP) and the Screening Tool to Alert doctors to the Right Treatment (START) in hospitalised older people.” Australas J Ageing. 34 (4):252-258.
Manidis, Marie and Hermine Scheeres. 2013. “Practising Knowing: Emergence(y) teleologies.” Educational Philosophy and Theory. 45 (12):1230-1251.
Marshall, Emily G., Barry S. Clarke, Nirupa Varatharasan, and Melissa K. Andrew. 2015a. “A Long-Term Care—Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (LTC-CGA) Tool: Improving Care for Frail Older Adults.” Canadian Geriatrics Journal. 18 (1):2-10.
Marshall, Emily Gard, Michelle Anne Boudreau, Jan L Jensen, Nancy Edgecombe, Barry Clarke, Frederick Burge, Greg Archibald, Anthony Taylor, and Melissa K Andrew. 2013. “A new long-term care facilities model in nova scotia, Canada: protocol for a mixed methods study of care by design.” JMIR Res Protoc. 2 (2):e56.
Marshall, Emily Gard, Barry Clarke, Sarah Peddle, and Jan Jensen. 2015b. “Care by design: New model of coordinated on-site primary and acute care in long-term care facilities.” Can Fam Physician. 61 (3):e129-34.
Masnoon, Nashwa, Sepehr Shakib, Lisa Kalisch-Ellett, and Gillian E Caughey. 2017. “What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions.” BMC geriatrics. 17 (1):230.
May, Carl. 2010. “Retheorizing the clinical encounter: Normalization processes and the corporate ecologies of care.” Pp. 129-145, Assaults on the lifeworld: new directions in the sociology of chronic and disabling conditions London: Routledge, edited by Graham Scambler and Sasha Scambler.: Springer.
May, Carl, Victor M Montori, and Frances S Mair. 2009. “We need minimally disruptive medicine.” BMJ.339:b2803.
May, Carl R, David T Eton, Kasey Boehmer, Katie Gallacher, Katherine Hunt, Sara MacDonald, Frances S Mair, Christine M May, Victor M Montori, Alison Richardson, Anne E Rogers, and Nathan Shippee. 2014. “Rethinking the patient: using Burden of Treatment Theory to understand the changing dynamics of illness.” BMC Health Services Research. 14 (1):281.
McNeil, Michael J, Arif H Kamal, Jean S Kutner, Christine S Ritchie, and Amy P Abernethy. 2016. “The Burden of Polypharmacy in Patients Near the End of Life.” J Pain Symptom Manage. 51 (2):178-83.e2.
Michie, S, MM van Stralen, and R West. 2011. “The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions.” Implement Sci. 6:42.
Moen, Janne, Anna Bohm, Therese Tillenius, Karolina Antonov, J Lars G Nilsson, and Lena Ring. 2009. “”I don’t know how many of these [medicines] are necessary.” - a focus group study among elderly users of multiple medicines.” Patient Educ Couns. 74 (2):135-141.
Monteiro, P. and D. Nicolini. 2014. “Recovering Materiality in Institutional Work: Prizes as an Assemblage of Human and Material Entities.” Journal of Management Inquiry. 24 (1):61-81.
Moriarty, F, K Pottie, L Dolovich, L McCarthy, C Rojas-Fernandez, and B Farrell. 2019. “Deprescribing recommendations: An essential consideration for clinical guideline developers.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 15 (6):806-810.
Murphy, Elizabeth and Robert Dingwall. 2007. “The ethics of ethnography.” Pp. 339-351, Handbook of ethnography, edited by Paul Atkinson, Amanda Coffey, Sara Delamont, John Lofland, and Lyn Lofland.: Sage London.
Murshid, MA and Z Mohaidin. 2017. “Models and theories of prescribing decisions: A review and suggested a new model.” Pharm Pract (Granada). 15 (2):990.
Nicolini, Davide. 2011. “Practice as the Site of Knowing: Insights from the Field of Telemedicine.” Organization Science. 22 (3):602-620.
———. 2012. Practice Theory, Work, and Organization: An Introduction: Oxford University Press.
Nicolini, Davide, Jeanne Mengis, and Jackie Swan. 2012. “Understanding the Role of Objects in Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration.” Organization Science. 23 (3):612-629.
Nicolini, Davide and Pedro Monteiro. 2016. “The Practice Approach: For a Praxeology of Organisational and Management Studies.” in The SAGE Handbook of Process Organization Studies, edited by Ann Langley and Haridimos Tsoukas.: SAGE.
Nicolini, Davide, John Powell, Paul Conville, and Laura Martinez-Solano. 2008. “Managing knowledge in the healthcare sector. A review.” International Journal of Management Reviews. 10 (3):245-263.
Nolen, Stephanie. 2021. “What happened at Northwood: How Nova Scotia failed its most vulnerable.” The Coast.
Northwood. not dated. “Taking up the challenge from strategy to action.” 1-15.
Nova Scotia Continuing Care Branch Department of Health & Wellness. 2015. “Nova Scotia Directory: Nursing Homes and Residential Care Facilities.”
Oldani, Michael. 2014. “Deep pharma: psychiatry, anthropology, and pharmaceutical detox.” Cult Med Psychiatry. 38 (2):255-278.
Orlikowski, W J. 2007. “Sociomaterial Practices: Exploring Technology at Work.” Organization Studies. 28 (9):1435-1448.
Ortner, Sherry B. 2006. Anthropology and Social Theory: Duke University Press.
Østerlund, C. 2004. “Mapping medical work: documenting practices across multiple medical settings.” Journal of the Center for Information Studies. 5 (3):35-43.
Paradis, E and G Sutkin. 2017. “Beyond a good story: from Hawthorne Effect to reactivity in health professions education research.” Med Educ. 51 (1):31-39.
Patterson, SM, CA Cadogan, N Kerse, CR Cardwell, MC Bradley, C Ryan, and C Hughes. 2014. “Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people.” Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (10):CD008165.
Patton, DE, CA Cadogan, C Ryan, JJ Francis, GJ Gormley, P Passmore, N Kerse, and CM Hughes. 2018. “Improving adherence to multiple medications in older people in primary care: Selecting intervention components to address patient-reported barriers and facilitators.” Health Expect. 21 (1):138-148.
Payne, RA, AJ Avery, M Duerden, CL Saunders, CR Simpson, and GA Abel. 2014. “Prevalence of polypharmacy in a Scottish primary care population.” Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 70 (5):575-581.
Payne, Rupert A and Anthony J Avery. 2011. “Polypharmacy: one of the greatest prescribing challenges in general practice.” Br J Gen Pract. 61 (583):83-84.
Poland, B D. 1995. “Transcription Quality as an Aspect of Rigor in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry.1 (3):290-310.
Pope, Catherine. 2005. “Conducting ethnography in medical settings.” Med Educ. 39 (12):1180-1187.
Quinlan, E. 2008. “Conspicuous Invisibility: Shadowing as a Data Collection Strategy.” Qualitative Inquiry. 14 (8):1480-1499.
Ramage-Morin, Pamela L. 2009. “Medication use among senior Canadians.” Statistics Canada, Health Reports. 20 (1):1-8.
Raman-Wilms, L, B Farrell, C Sadowski, and Z Austin. 2019. “Deprescribing: An educational imperative.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 15 (6):790-795.
Reason, Ben, Michael Terner, Ali Moses McKeag, Brenda Tipper, and Greg Webster. 2012. “The impact of polypharmacy on the health of Canadian seniors.” Fam Pract. 29 (4):427-432.
Reckwitz, Andreas. 2002. “Toward a Theory of Social Practices: A Development in Culturalist Theorizing.” European Journal of Social Theory. 5 (2):243-263.
Reeve, E, W Thompson, and B Farrell. 2017. “Deprescribing: A narrative review of the evidence and practical recommendations for recognizing opportunities and taking action.” Eur J Intern Med. 38:3-11.
Reeve, Emily, Sepehr Shakib, Ivanka Hendrix, Michael S Roberts, and Michael D Wiese. 2014. “The benefits and harms of deprescribing.” Med J Aust. 201 (7):386-389.
Reeves, S, A Kuper, and B D Hodges. 2008. “Qualitative research methodologies: ethnography.” BMJ. 337 (aug07 3):a1020.
Reeves, Scott, Jennifer Peller, Joanne Goldman, and Simon Kitto. 2013. “Ethnography in qualitative educational research: AMEE Guide No. 80.” Medical Teacher. 35 (8):e1365-e1379.
Reichenpfader, U, A Wickström, M Abrandt Dahlgren, and S Carlfjord. 2020. “‘In the hospital all is taken care of’: a practice-theoretical approach to understand patients’ medication use.” Sociol Health Illn. 42 (1):50-64.
Reichenpfader, Ursula, Anette Wickström, Madeleine Abrandt Dahlgren, Per Nilsen, and Siw Carlfjord. 2018. “‘Our surgeons want this to be short and simple’: practices of in-hospital medication review as coordinated sociomaterial actions.” Studies in Continuing Education. 40 (3):323-336.
Rochon, P A and J H Gurwitz. 1997. “Optimising drug treatment for elderly people: the prescribing cascade.” BMJ. 315 (7115):1096-1099.
Routledge, P A, M S O’Mahony, and K W Woodhouse. 2003. “Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients.” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 57 (2):121-126.
Savolainen, Reijo. 2009. “Epistemic work and knowing in practice as conceptualizations of information use.” Information Research: An international electronic journal. 14 (1).
Schatzki, Theodore. 2010. “Materiality and Social Life.” Nature and Culture. 5 (2):123-149.
———. 2012. “A Primer on Practices.” in Practice-Based Education: Perspectives and strategies, edited by Joy Higgs, Ronald Barnett, Stephen Billett, Maggie Hutchings, and Franziska Trede.: Sense Publishers.
Schatzki, Theodore R. 2006. “On organizations as they happen.” Organization Studies. 27 (12):1863-1873.
Schuling, Jan, Henkjan Gebben, Leonardus Johannes G Veehof, and Flora M Haaijer-Ruskamp. 2012. “Deprescribing medication in very elderly patients with multimorbidity: the view of Dutch GPs. A qualitative study.” BMC family practice. 13 (1):56.
Scott, Ian A, Sarah N Hilmer, Emily Reeve, Kathleen Potter, David Le Couteur, Deborah Rigby, Danijela Gnjidic, Christopher B Del Mar, Elizabeth E Roughead, Amy Page, Jesse Jansen, and Jennifer H Martin. 2015. “Reducing inappropriate polypharmacy: the process of deprescribing.” JAMA Intern Med. 175 (5):827-834.
Shove, Elizabeth, Mika Pantzar, and Matt Watson. 2012. The dynamics of social practice: everyday life and how it changes. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Silverstein, William, Elliot Lass, Karen Born, Anne Morinville, Wendy Levinson, and Cara Tannenbaum. 2016. “A survey of primary care patients’ readiness to engage in the de-adoption practices recommended by Choosing Wisely Canada.” BMC Research Notes. 9 (1):1.
Sinnott, C, SW Mercer, RA Payne, M Duerden, CP Bradley, and M Byrne. 2015. “Improving medication management in multimorbidity: development of the MultimorbiditY COllaborative Medication Review And DEcision Making (MY COMRADE) intervention using the Behaviour Change Wheel.” Implement Sci. 10:132.
Smith, Dorothy. 2001. “Texts and the ontology of organizations and institutions.” Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies. 7 (2):159-198.
Spradley, James P. 1980. Participant Observation: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Star, Susan Leigh. 1995. “The politics of formal representations: wizards, gurus, and organizational complexity.” Pp. 88-118 in Ecologies of Knowledge, edited by Susan Leigh Star.: SUNY Press.
———. 2002. “Infrastructure and ethnographic practice: Working on the fringes.” Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems. 14 (2):6.
Star, Susan Leigh and Anselm Strauss. 1999. “Layers of silence, arenas of voice: The ecology of visible and invisible work.” Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW). 8 (1-2):9-30.
Strauss, Anselm L, Shizuko Fagerhaugh, Barbara Suczek, and Carolyn Wiener. 1982. “The work of hospitalized patients.” Social science & medicine. 16 (9):977-986.
Strauss, Anselm Leonard. 1997. Social Organization of Medical Work: Transaction Publishers.
Swinglehurst, D, T Greenhalgh, J Russell, and M Myall. 2011. “Receptionist input to quality and safety in repeat prescribing in UK general practice: ethnographic case study.” BMJ. 343:d6788.
Szczepura, Ala, Deidre Wild, and Sara Nelson. 2011. “Medication administration errors for older people in long-term residential care.” BMC geriatrics. 11 (1):82.
Tannenbaum, Cara, Barbara Farrell, James Shaw, Steve Morgan, Johanna Trimble, Jane Currie, Justin Turner, Paula Rochon, and James Silvius. 2017. “An Ecological Approach to Reducing Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use: Canadian Deprescribing Network.” Can J Aging. 36 (1):97-107.
Tannenbaum, Cara and Ross T Tsuyuki. 2013. “The expanding scope of pharmacists’ practice: implications for physicians.” CMAJ. 185 (14):1228-1232.
Tariq, A, A Georgiou, M Raban, MT Baysari, and J Westbrook. 2016. “Underlying risk factors for prescribing errors in long-term aged care: a qualitative study.” BMJ Qual Saf. 25 (9):704-715.
Tariq, A, A Georgiou, and J Westbrook. 2012. “Medication incident reporting in residential aged care facilities: limitations and risks to residents’ safety.” BMC Geriatr. 12:67.
———. 2013. “Medication errors in residential aged care facilities: a distributed cognition analysis of the information exchange process.” Int J Med Inform. 82 (5):299-312.
Tariq, Amina, Andrew Georgiou, and Johanna Westbrook. 2014. “Coping with information silos: an examination of the medication management process in residential aged care facilities (RACFs).” Stud Health Technol Inform. 204:156-162.
Thompson, W, E Reeve, F Moriarty, M Maclure, J Turner, MA Steinman, J Conklin, L Dolovich, L McCarthy, and B Farrell. 2019. “Deprescribing: Future directions for research.” Res Social Adm Pharm. 15 (6):801-805.
Thornlow, Deirdre K, Ruth Anderson, and Eugene Oddone. 2009. “Cascade iatrogenesis: factors leading to the development of adverse events in hospitalized older adults.” International journal of nursing studies. 46 (11):1528-1535.
Tracy, C Shawn, Stephanie H Bell, Leslie A Nickell, Jocelyn Charles, and Ross E G Upshur. 2013. “The IMPACT clinic: innovative model of interprofessional primary care for elderly patients with complex health care needs.” Can Fam Physician. 59 (3):e148-55.
Tracy, C Shawn, Jonathan Fuller, and Ross E G Upshur. 2014. “Polypharmacy: prevention and management.” CMAJ. 186 (17):1321.
Tummons, Jonathan, Cathy Fournier, Olga Kits, and Anna MacLeod. 2016. “Teaching without a blackboard and chalk: conflicting attitudes towards using ICTs in higher education teaching and learning.” Higher Education Research & Development. 35 (4):829-840.
Wagner, Laura M and Tiana Brigitte Rust. 2008. Safety in long-term care settings: Broadening the patient safety agenda to include long-term care services: Canadian Patient Safety Institute.
Wise, J. 2013. “Polypharmacy: a necessary evil.” BMJ. 347 (nov28 1):f7033.
Wolcott, Harry F. 1994. Transforming qualitative data : description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Wolcott, Harry F. 2009. Writing Up Qualitative Research: SAGE.
Wong, Mattew and Dorothy Tscheng. Date unknown. “Issues in Medication Management Relevant to Long-Term Care in Ontario: A Brief Review of the Literature.”.
Zheng, Xi, Matthew L Bolton, Christopher Daly, and Elliot Biltekoff. 2020. “The development of a next-generation human reliability analysis: Systems analysis for formal pharmaceutical human reliability (SAFPH).” Reliability Engineering & System Safety. 202:106927.